Certain chemical entities, compositions, and methods

ABSTRACT

Chemical entities that modulate smooth muscle myosin and/or non-muscle myosin, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment of diseases and conditions associated with smooth muscle myosin and/or non-muscle myosin are described.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/835,249, filed Aug. 2, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

Provided are certain chemical entities that modulate smooth muscle myosin and/or non-muscle myosin, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment of diseases and conditions associated with smooth muscle myosin and/or non-muscle myosin.

Myosin is present in all muscle and non-muscle cells. Of the ten distinct classes of myosin in human cells, myosin-II is thought to be the form responsible for contraction of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Myosin-II is also the isoform present in non-muscle myosins, also known as cytoplasmic myosins. The non-muscle myosins are ubiquitously present in eukaryotic cells, where the smooth muscle myosins are generally present in smooth muscle cells.

Myosin-II is significantly different in amino acid composition and in overall structure from myosins in the other nine distinct classes. Myosin-II consists of two globular head domains, called Subfragment-1 or S1, linked together by a long alpha-helical coiled-coiled tail. Proteolysis of myosin generates either S1 or heavy meromyosin (HMM, a two-headed form with a truncated tail), depending on the proteolysis conditions. S1 contains the ATPase and actin-binding properties of the molecule. S1 has been shown to be sufficient to move actin filaments in vitro, and is therefore likely to be the motor domain of the molecule.

Although myosin-II isoforms from various tissues differ in a number of biological properties, they share the same basic molecular structure as a dimer of two heavy chains (approximately 200 kDa) which are noncovalently associated with two pairs of light chains (approximately 20 and 17 kDa). The two globular amino-terminal heads are tethered together by the carboxy-terminal alpha-helical coiled-coil that forms a tail. The tails are believed to be involved in the assembly of myosin molecules into filaments, whereas the heads are thought to have an actin-activated Mg²⁺-ATPase activity. Each myosin head can be divided by three protease-sensitive regions into peptides of approximately 25, 50, and 20 kDa. The more amino-terminal 25 kDa-50 kDa junction is close to the ATP binding region, whereas the actin-binding domain is near the 50 kDa-20 kDa junction.

S1 consists of a globular actin binding and nucleotide binding region known as the catalytic domain. This domain is attached at its carboxy-terminus to an alpha-helix that has two light chains of about 20 kDa each wrapped around it. This light-chain binding domain of S1 is known as the lever arm. Upon transitioning from the pre-stroke to the post-stroke state, the lever arm is believed to swing through an angle of about 90 degrees about a fulcrum point in the catalytic domain near the nucleotide-binding site. The “power stroke” is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP.

The other end of the myosin molecule is an alpha-helical coiled-coiled tail involved in self assembly of myosin molecules into bipolar thick filaments. These thick filaments interdigitate between thinner actin filaments, and the two filament systems slide past one another during contraction of the muscle. This filament sliding mechanism is thought to involve conformational changes in the myosin heads causing them to walk along the thin actin filaments at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. While non-muscle myosins act in a similar manner, they are understood to slide at a slower velocity than the smooth muscle myosins.

The complete cDNA of the human smooth muscle myosin has been described. The sequence of human smooth muscle myosin is 52% identical to human cardiac myosin in the catalytic S1 region. See, for example, PCT publication No. WO 03/14323.

Provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds of Formula I:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein

-   -   W¹ is an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl or         optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;     -   W² is selected from CR¹R², NR¹⁴, and O;     -   Z¹ is aryl;     -   Z² is aryl;     -   R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy,         carboxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally         substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally         substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy,         optionally substituted heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted aminocarbonyloxy, optionally substituted acyloxy,         optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyloxy, optionally substituted         alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally         substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally         substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted         aminocarbonyl, and optionally substituted aminosulfonyl;     -   or R¹ and R² may optionally be joined together with the carbon         atom bonded thereto, to form a group selected from optionally         substituted cycloalkyl and optionally substituted         heterocycloalkyl;     -   for each occurrence, R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently         selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxy, optionally substituted         alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted         alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted         alkoxy, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted         heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyloxy,         optionally substituted aminocarbonyloxy, optionally substituted         acyloxy, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyloxy, optionally         substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl,         optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted aryl,         optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted         heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aminocarbonyl, and         optionally substituted aminosulfonyl;     -   each R⁷ and R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano,         halo, hydroxy, carboxy, azido, nitro, sulfonyl, sulfinyl,         sulfanyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted         aryloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally         substituted heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted         alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally         substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,         optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl,         optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted         heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally         substituted acyl, optionally substituted aminocarbonyl,         optionally substituted aminosulfonyl, optionally substituted         carbaminodoyl;     -   R⁸ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, optionally         substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally         substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and         optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;     -   m is selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3;     -   n is selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3;     -   p is selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3; and     -   q is selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3.

Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one chemical entity described herein, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle chosen from carriers, adjuvants, and excipients.

Also provided are methods of treatment of one or more diseases associated with smooth muscle myosin or non-muscle myosin. The methods of treatment comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one chemical entity provided herein or a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one chemical entity described herein, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle chosen from carriers, adjuvants, and excipients.

Other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description.

As used in the present specification, the following words and phrases are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.

The following abbreviations and terms have the indicated meanings throughout:

PIPES = 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid ATP = adenosine 5′-triphosphate DTT = DL-dithiothreitol BSA = bovine serum albumin NADH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide PEP = phosphoenolpyruvic acid EGTA = ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid Ac = acetyl APCI = atmospheric pressure chemical ionization atm = atomosphere Boc = tert-butoxycarbonyl c- = cyclo CBZ = carbobenzyloxy = benzyloxycarbonyl CDI = carbonyldiimidazole DCM = dichloromethane = methylene chloride = CH₂Cl₂ DIAD = diisopropyl azodicarboxylate DIEA = DIPEA =N,N-diisopropylethylamine DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide (DPPF)PdCl₂ = [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] dichloropalladium(II) Et = ethyl EtOAc = ethyl acetate EtOH = ethanol g = gram GC = gas chromatograghy h or hr = hour HATU = O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate HBTU = O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate HOBT = 1-hydroxybenzotriazole HPLC = high pressure liquid chromatography i- = iso kg or Kg = kilogram L or l = liter LC/MS = LCMS = liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry LDA = lithium diisopropylamide LRMS = low resolution mass spectrometry m/z = mass-to-charge ratio Me = methyl NMP = N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance MPLC = medium pressure liquid chromatography min = minute mL = milliliter MW = microwave n- = normal Ph = phenyl (Ph₃P)₄Pd = tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Ph₃P)₂PdCl₂ = dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) RP-HPLC = reverse phase-high pressure liquid chromatography rt or RT = room temperature s- = sec- = secondary t- = tert- = tertiary TBAF = tetrabutylammonium fluoride TBS = TBDMS = tert-butyldimethylsilyl TES = triethylsilyl or triethylsilane TMS = trimethylsilyl or trimethylsilane TFA = trifluoroacetic acid THF = tetrahydrofuran TLC = thin layer chromatography UV = ultraviolet vol = volume equivalent in mL/g or L/Kg or the limiting reagent unless otherwise specified

As used herein, when any variable occurs more than one time in a chemical formula, its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.

A dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —CONH₂ is attached through the carbon atom.

By “optional” or “optionally” is meant that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted alkyl” encompasses both “alkyl” and “substituted alkyl” as defined below. It will be understood by those skilled in the art, with respect to any group containing one or more substituents, that such groups are not intended to introduce any substitution or substitution patterns that are sterically impractical, synthetically non-feasible and/or inherently unstable.

The term “ATPase,” as used herein, refers to an enzyme that is capable of hydrolyzing ATP. ATPases include proteins comprising molecular motors such as myosins.

“Alkyl” encompasses straight chain and branched chain having the indicated number of carbon atoms, usually from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 6 carbon atoms. For example C₁-C₆ alkyl encompasses both straight and branched chain alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, and the like. Alkylene is another subset of alkyl, referring to the same residues as alkyl, but having two points of attachment. Alkylene groups will usually have from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, for example 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. For example, C₀ alkylene indicates a covalent bond and C₁ alkylene is a methylene group. When an alkyl residue having a specific number of carbons is named, all geometric combinations having that number of carbons are intended to be encompassed; thus, for example, “butyl” is meant to include n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl; “propyl” includes n-propyl and isopropyl. “Lower alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having one to four carbons.

“Alkenyl” refers to an unsaturated branched or straight-chain alkyl group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkene. The group may be in either the cis or trans configuration about the double bond(s). Typical alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl; propenyls such as prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl (allyl), prop-2-en-2-yl, cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl; butenyls such as but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl; and the like. In certain embodiments, an alkenyl group has from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and in other embodiments, from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

“Alkynyl” refers to an unsaturated branched or straight-chain alkyl group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkyne. Typical alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl; propynyls such as prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl; butynyls such as but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl; and the like. In certain embodiments, an alkynyl group has from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and in other embodiments, from 3 to 6 carbon atoms.

“Cycloalkyl” indicates a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring, usually having from 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms. The ring may be saturated or have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclohexenyl, as well as bridged and caged saturated ring groups such as norbornane.

By “alkoxy” is meant an alkyl group of the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, 2-pentyloxy, isopentyloxy, neopentyloxy, hexyloxy, 2-hexyloxy, 3-hexyloxy, 3-methylpentyloxy, and the like. Alkoxy groups will usually have from 1 to 7 carbon atoms attached through the oxygen bridge. “Lower alkoxy” refers to alkoxy groups having one to four carbons.

“Mono- and di-alkylcarboxamide” encompasses a group of the formula —(C═O)NR_(a)R_(b) where R_(a) and R_(b) are independently chosen from hydrogen and alkyl groups of the indicated number of carbon atoms, provided that R_(a) and R_(b) are not both hydrogen.

“Acyl” refers to the groups H—C(O)—; (alkyl)-C(O)—; (cycloalkyl)-C(O)—; (aryl)-C(O)—; (heteroaryl)-C(O)—; and (heterocycloalkyl)-C(O)—, wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality and wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl are as described herein. Acyl groups have the indicated number of carbon atoms, with the carbon of the keto group being included in the numbered carbon atoms. For example a C₂ acyl group is an acetyl group having the formula CH₃(C═O)—.

“Formyl” refers to the group —C(O)H.

“Carboxy” and/or “carboxyl” refer to the group —C(O)OH.

By “alkoxycarbonyl” is meant a group of the formula (alkoxy)(C═O)-attached through the carbonyl carbon wherein the alkoxy group has the indicated number of carbon atoms. Thus a C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl group is an alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms attached through its oxygen to a carbonyl linker.

By “amino” is meant the group —NH₂.

“Mono- and di-(alkyl)amino” encompasses secondary and tertiary alkyl amino groups, wherein the alkyl groups are as defined above and have the indicated number of carbon atoms. The point of attachment of the alkylamino group is on the nitrogen. Examples of mono- and di-alkylamino groups include ethylamino, dimethylamino, and methyl-propyl-amino.

The term “aminocarbonyl” refers to the group —CONR^(b)R^(c), where R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

-   R^(c) is independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally     substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or -   R^(b) and R^(c) taken together with the nitrogen to which they are     bound, form an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered     nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl which optionally includes 1 or     2 additional heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S in the     heterocycloalkyl ring; -   where each substituted group is independently substituted with one     or more substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, C₁-C₄     haloalkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-OH,     —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo, —OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂, —N(C₁-C₄     alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄     alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), cyano, nitro, oxo (as a     substitutent for cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl),     —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),     —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHC(O)(phenyl),     —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(phenyl),     —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,     —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄     haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl),     —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

“Aryl” encompasses:

-   6-membered carbocyclic aromatic rings, for example, benzene; -   bicyclic ring systems wherein at least one ring is carbocyclic and     aromatic, for example, naphthalene, indane, and tetralin; and -   tricyclic ring systems wherein at least one ring is carbocyclic and     aromatic, for example, fluorene.

For example, aryl includes 6-membered carbocyclic aromatic rings fused to a 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring containing 1 or more heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S. For such fused, bicyclic ring systems wherein only one of the rings is a carbocyclic aromatic ring, the point of attachment may be at the carbocyclic aromatic ring or the heterocycloalkyl ring. Bivalent radicals formed from substituted benzene derivatives and having the free valences at ring atoms are named as substituted phenylene radicals. Bivalent radicals derived from univalent polycyclic hydrocarbon radicals whose names end in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the carbon atom with the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a naphthyl group with two points of attachment is termed naphthylidene. Aryl, however, does not encompass or overlap in any way with heteroaryl, separately defined below. Hence, if one or more carbocyclic aromatic rings is fused with a heterocycloalkyl aromatic ring, the resulting ring system is heteroaryl, not aryl, as defined herein.

The term “aryloxy” refers to the group —O-aryl.

The term “aralkyl” refers to the group-alkyl-aryl.

“Carbamimidoyl” refers to the group —C(═NH)—NH₂.

“Substituted carbamimidoyl” refers to the group —C(═NR^(e))—NR^(f)R^(g) where R^(e), is chosen from: hydrogen, cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl; and R^(f) and R^(g) are independently chosen from: hydrogen optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least one of R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) is not hydrogen and wherein substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl refer respectively to alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosen from: —R^(a), —OR^(b), optionally substituted amino (including —NR^(c)COR^(b), —NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(NR^(c))NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(NCN)NR^(b)R^(c), and —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a)), halo, cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl), optionally substituted acyl (such as —COR^(b)), optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl (such as —CO₂R^(b)), aminocarbonyl (such as —CONR^(b)R^(c)), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a), —OCONR^(b)R^(c), —OP(O)(OR^(b))OR^(c), sulfanyl (such as SR^(b)), sulfinyl (such as —SOR^(a)), and sulfonyl (such as —SO₂R^(a) and —SO₂NR^(b)R^(c)),

-   -   where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,         optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted         heteroaryl;     -   R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,         optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted         heteroaryl; and     -   R^(c) is independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally         substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or     -   R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached,         form an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and     -   where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted or         independently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or         three, substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl,         aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-,         C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄         alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo, —OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂,         —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄         alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), cyano, nitro,         oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or         heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄         alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),         —NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄         alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ phenyl,         —C(O)C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO2(C₁-C₄ alkyl),         —SO₂(phenyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄         alkyl), —SO₂ NH(phenyl), —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl),         and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

The term “halo” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo, and the term “halogen” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

“Haloalkyl” indicates alkyl as defined above having the specified number of carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or more halogen atoms, up to the maximum allowable number of halogen atoms. Examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, and penta-fluoroethyl.

“Heteroaryl” encompasses:

-   5- to 7-membered aromatic, monocyclic rings containing one or more,     for example, from 1 to 4, or in certain embodiments, from 1 to 3,     heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, with the remaining ring atoms     being carbon; -   bicyclic heterocycloalkyl rings containing one or more, for example,     from 1 to 4, or in certain embodiments, from 1 to 3, heteroatoms     chosen from N, O, and S, with the remaining ring atoms being carbon     and wherein at least one heteroatom is present in an aromatic ring;     and -   tricyclic heterocycloalkyl rings containing one or more, for     example, from 1 to 5, or in certain embodiments, from 1 to 4,     heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, with the remaining ring atoms     being carbon and wherein at least one heteroatom is present in an     aromatic ring.

For example, heteroaryl includes a 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aromatic ring fused to a 5- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring. For such fused, bicyclic heteroaryl ring systems wherein only one of the rings contains one or more heteroatoms, the point of attachment may be at either ring. When the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group exceeds 1, those heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. In certain embodiments, the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group is not more than 2. In certain embodiments, the total number of S and O atoms in the aromatic heterocycle is not more than 1. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, (as numbered from the linkage position assigned priority 1), 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2,3-pyrazinyl, 3,4-pyrazinyl, 2,4-pyrimidinyl, 3,5-pyrimidinyl, 2,3-pyrazolinyl, 2,4-imidazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxazolinyl, thiazolinyl, thiadiazolinyl, tetrazolyl, thienyl, benzothiophenyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, benzoimidazolinyl, indolinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl, quinolinyl, pyrazolyl, and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl. Bivalent radicals derived from univalent heteroaryl radicals whose names end in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the atom with the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a pyridyl group with two points of attachment is a pyridylidene. Heteroaryl does not encompass or overlap with aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, as defined herein

Substituted heteroaryl also includes ring systems substituted with one or more oxide (—O⁻) substituents, such as pyridinyl N-oxides.

By “heterocycloalkyl” is meant a single, non-aromatic ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, containing at least 2 carbon atoms in addition to 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing heteroatoms. The ring may be saturated or have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Suitable heterocycloalkyl groups include, for example (as numbered from the linkage position assigned priority 1), 2-pyrrolidinyl, 2,4-imidazolidinyl, 2,3-pyrazolidinyl, 2-piperidyl, 3-piperidyl, 4-piperidyl, and 2,5-piperizinyl. Morpholinyl groups are also contemplated, including 2-morpholinyl and 3-morpholinyl (numbered wherein the oxygen is assigned priority 1). Substituted heterocycloalkyl also includes ring systems substituted with one or more oxo (═O) or oxide (—O⁻) substituents, such as piperidinyl N-oxide, morpholinyl-N-oxide, 1-oxo-1-thiomorpholinyl and 1,1-dioxo-1-thiomorpholinyl.

“Heterocycloalkyl” also includes bicyclic ring systems wherein one non-aromatic ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, contains at least 2 carbon atoms in addition to 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing heteroatoms; and the other ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, optionally contains 1-3 heteratoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen and is not aromatic.

As used herein, “modulation” refers to a change in activity as a direct or indirect response to the presence of a chemical entity as described herein, relative to the activity of in the absence of the chemical entity. The change may be an increase in activity or a decrease in activity, and may be due to the direct interaction of the compound with the a target or due to the interaction of the compound with one or more other factors that in turn affect the target's activity. For example, the presence of the chemical entity may, for example, increase or decrease the target activity by directly binding to the target, by causing (directly or indirectly) another factor to increase or decrease the target activity, or by (directly or indirectly) increasing or decreasing the amount of target present in the cell or organism.

The term “sulfanyl” includes the groups: —S-(optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl), —S-(optionally substituted aryl), —S-(optionally substituted heteroaryl), and —S-(optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl). Hence, sulfanyl includes the group C₁-C₆ alkylsulfanyl.

The term “sulfinyl” includes the groups: —S(O)-(optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl), —S(O)-optionally substituted aryl), —S(O)-optionally substituted heteroaryl), —S(O)-(optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl); and —S(O)-(optionally substituted amino).

The term “sulfonyl” includes the groups: —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl), —S(O₂)-optionally substituted aryl), —S(O₂)-optionally substituted heteroaryl), —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl), —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted alkoxy), —S(O₂)-optionally substituted aryloxy), —S(O₂)-optionally substituted heteroaryloxy), —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted heterocyclyloxy); and —S(O₂)-(optionally substituted amino).

The term “substituted”, as used herein, means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom or group is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded. When a substituent is oxo (i.e., ═O) then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds or useful synthetic intermediates. A stable compound or stable structure is meant to imply a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation from a reaction mixture, and subsequent formulation as an agent having at least practical utility. Unless otherwise specified, substituents are named into the core structure. For example, it is to be understood that when (cycloalkyl)alkyl is listed as a possible substituent, the point of attachment of this substituent to the core structure is in the alkyl portion.

The terms “substituted” alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, unless otherwise expressly defined, refer respectively to alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosen from:

-   —R^(a), —OR^(b), optionally substituted amino (including     —NR^(c)COR^(b), —NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(NR^(c))NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(NCN)NR^(b)R^(c), and     —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a)), halo, cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl), optionally     substituted acyl (such as —COR^(b)), optionally substituted     alkoxycarbonyl (such as —CO₂R^(b)), aminocarbonyl (such as     —CONR^(b)R^(c)), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a), —OCONR^(b)R^(c),     —OP(O)(OR^(b))OR^(c), sulfanyl (such as SR^(b)), sulfinyl (such as     —SOR^(a)), and sulfonyl (such as —SO₂R^(a) and —SO₂NR^(b)R^(c)), -   where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally     substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally     substituted heteroaryl; -   R^(b) is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally     substituted heteroaryl; and -   R^(c) is independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally     substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or -   R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form     an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and -   where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted or     independently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or     three, substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, C₁-C₄     haloalkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-OH,     —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo, —OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂, —N(C₁-C₄     alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄     alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), cyano, nitro, oxo (as a     substitutent for cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl),     —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),     —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHC(O)(phenyl),     —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(phenyl),     —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,     —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂(phenyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄     haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl),     —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

The term “substituted acyl” refers to the groups (substituted alkyl)-C(O)—; (substituted cycloalkyl)-C(O)—; (substituted aryl)-C(O)—; (substituted heteroaryl)-C(O)—; and (substituted heterocycloalkyl)-C(O)—, wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality and wherein substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl, refer respectively to alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosen from:

-   —R^(a), —OR^(b), optionally substituted amino (including     —NR^(c)COR^(b), —NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(NR^(c))NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(NCN)NR^(b)R^(c), and     —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a)), halo, cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl), optionally     substituted acyl (such as —COR^(b)), optionally substituted     alkoxycarbonyl (such as —CO₂R^(b)), aminocarbonyl (such as     —CONR^(b)R^(c)), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a), —OCONR^(b)R^(c),     —OP(O)(OR^(b))OR^(c), sulfanyl (such as SR^(b)), sulfinyl (such as     —SOR^(a)), and sulfonyl (such as —SO₂R^(a) and —SO₂NR^(b)R^(c)), -   where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,     optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,     optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; -   R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally     substituted heteroaryl; and -   R^(c) is independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally     substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or -   R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form     an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and     -   where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted or         independently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or         three, substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl,         aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-,         C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄         alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo, —OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂,         —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄         alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), cyano, nitro,         oxo (as a substituent for cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or         heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄         alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),         —NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄         alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl,         —C(O)C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl),         —SO₂(phenyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄         alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl), —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and         —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

The term “substituted alkoxy” refers to alkoxy wherein the alkyl constituent is substituted (i.e., —O-(substituted alkyl)) wherein “substituted alkyl” refers to alkyl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosen from:

-   —R^(a), —OR^(b), optionally substituted amino (including     —NR^(c)COR^(b), —NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(NR^(c))NR^(b)R^(c), —NR BC(NCN)NR^(b)R^(c), and     —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a)), halo, cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl), optionally     substituted acyl (such as —COR^(b)), optionally substituted     alkoxycarbonyl (such as —CO₂R^(b)), aminocarbonyl (such as     —CONR^(b)R^(c)), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a), —OCONR^(b)R^(c),     —OP(O)(OR^(b))OR^(c), sulfanyl (such as SR^(b)), sulfinyl (such as     —SOR^(a)), and sulfonyl (such as —SO₂R^(a) and —SO₂NR^(b)R^(c)), -   where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,     optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,     optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; -   R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally     substituted heteroaryl; and -   R^(c) is independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally     substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or -   R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form     an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and     -   where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted or         independently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or         three, substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl,         aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-,         C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄         alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo, —OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂,         —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄         alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), cyano, nitro,         oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or         heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄         alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),         —NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄         alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl,         —C(O)C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl),         —SO₂(phenyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄         alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl), —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and         —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl). In some embodiments, a substituted         alkoxy group is “polyalkoxy” or —O-(optionally substituted         alkylene)-(optionally substituted alkoxy), and includes groups         such as —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, and residues of glycol ethers such as         polyethyleneglycol, and —O(CH₂CH₂O)_(x)CH₃, where x is an         integer of 2-20, such as 2-10, and for example, 2-5. Another         substituted alkoxy group is hydroxyalkoxy or —OCH₂(CH₂)_(y)OH,         where y is an integer of 1-10, such as 1-4.

The term “substituted alkoxycarbonyl” refers to the group (substituted alkyl)-O—C(O)— wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality and wherein substituted refers to alkyl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosen from:

-   —R^(a), —OR^(b), optionally substituted amino (including     —NR^(c)COR^(b), —NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(NR^(c))NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(NCN)NR^(b)R^(c), and     —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a)), halo, cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl), optionally     substituted acyl (such as —COR^(b)), optionally substituted     alkoxycarbonyl (such as —CO₂R^(b)), aminocarbonyl (such as     —CONR^(b)R^(c)), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a), —OCONR^(b)R^(c),     —OP(O)(OR^(b))OR^(c), sulfanyl (such as SR^(b)), sulfinyl (such as     —SOR^(a)), and sulfonyl (such as —SO₂R^(a) and —SO₂NR^(b)R^(c)), -   where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,     optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,     optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; -   R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally     substituted heteroaryl; and -   R^(c) is independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally     substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or -   R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form     an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and     -   where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted or         independently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or         three, substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl,         aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-,         C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄         alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo, —OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂,         —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄         alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), cyano, nitro,         oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or         heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄         alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),         —NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄         alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl,         —C(O)C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl),         —SO₂(phenyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄         alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl), —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and         —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl).

The term “substituted amino” refers to the group —NHR^(d) or —NR^(d)R^(e) wherein R^(d) is chosen from: hydroxy, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted carbamimidoyl, aminocarbonyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl, sulfinyl and sulfonyl, and wherein R^(e) is chosen from: optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and wherein substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl refer respectively to alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl wherein one or more (such as up to 5, for example, up to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent independently chosen from:

-   —R^(a), —OR^(b), optionally substituted amino (including     —NR^(c)COR^(b), —NR^(c)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(c)CONR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(NR^(c))NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(NCN)NR^(b)R^(c), and     —NR^(c)SO₂R^(a)), halo, cyano, nitro, oxo (as a substitutent for     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl), optionally     substituted acyl (such as —COR^(b)), optionally substituted     alkoxycarbonyl (such as —CO₂R^(b)), aminocarbonyl (such as     —CONR^(b)R^(c)), —OCOR^(b), —OCO₂R^(a), —OCONR^(b)R^(c),     —OP(O)(OR^(b))OR^(c), sulfanyl (such as SR^(b)), sulfinyl (such as     —SOR^(a)), and sulfonyl (such as —SO₂R^(a) and —SO₂NR^(b)R^(c)), -   where R^(a) is chosen from optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,     optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,     optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; -   R^(b) is chosen from H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally     substituted heteroaryl; and -   R^(c) is independently chosen from hydrogen and optionally     substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; or -   R^(b) and R^(c), and the nitrogen to which they are attached, form     an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group; and     -   where each optionally substituted group is unsubstituted or         independently substituted with one or more, such as one, two, or         three, substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl,         aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₄ alkyl-,         C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —OC₁-C₄ alkylphenyl, —C₁-C₄         alkyl-OH, —OC₁-C₄ haloalkyl, halo, —OH, —NH₂, —C₁-C₄ alkyl-NH₂,         —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄         alkyl)(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), —NH(C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl), cyano, nitro,         oxo (as a substitutent for cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or         heteroaryl), —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CON(C₁-C₄ alkyl)(C₁-C₄         alkyl), —CONH(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CONH₂, —NHC(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl),         —NHC(O)(phenyl), —N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)C(O)(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₄         alkyl)C(O)(phenyl), —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkylphenyl,         —C(O)C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl),         —SO₂(phenyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄         alkyl), —SO₂NH(phenyl), —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —NHSO₂(phenyl), and         —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ haloalkyl); and     -   wherein optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted         alkoxycarbonyl, sulfinyl and sulfonyl are as defined herein.

The term “substituted amino” also refers to N-oxides of the groups —NHR^(d), and NR^(d)R^(d) each as described above. N-oxides can be prepared by treatment of the corresponding amino group with, for example, hydrogen peroxide or m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The person skilled in the art is familiar with reaction conditions for carrying out the N-oxidation.

Compounds of Formula I include, but are not limited to, optical isomers of compounds of Formula I, racemates, and other mixtures thereof. In those situations, the single enantiomers or diastereomers, i.e., optically active forms, can be obtained by asymmetric synthesis or by resolution of the racemates. Resolution of the racemates can be accomplished, for example, by conventional methods such as crystallization in the presence of a resolving agent, or chromatography, using, for example a chiral high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) column. In addition, compounds of Formula I include Z- and E-forms (or cis- and trans-forms) of compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds. Where compounds of Formula I exists in various tautomeric forms, chemical entities described herein include all tautomeric forms of the compound.

Chemical entities described herein include, but are not limited to compounds of Formula I and all pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof. Pharmaceutically acceptable forms of the chemical entities recited herein include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, crystal forms (including polymorphs and clathrates), chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the chemical entities described herein are in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Hence, the terms “chemical entity” and “chemical entities” also encompass pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include, but are not limited to salts with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, phosphate, diphosphate, hydrobromide, sulfate, sulfinate, nitrate, and like salts; as well as salts with an organic acid, such as malate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, lactate, methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, 2-hydroxyethylsulfonate, benzoate, salicylate, stearate, and alkanoate such as acetate, HOOC—(CH₂)_(n)—COOH where n is 0-4, and like salts. Similarly, pharmaceutically acceptable cations include, but are not limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, lithium, and ammonium.

In addition, if the compound of Formula I is obtained as an acid addition salt, the free base can be obtained by basifying a solution of the acid salt. Conversely, if the product is a free base, an addition salt, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt, may be produced by dissolving the free base in a suitable organic solvent and treating the solution with an acid, in accordance with conventional procedures for preparing acid addition salts from base compounds. Those skilled in the art will recognize various synthetic methodologies that may be used to prepare non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts.

As noted above, prodrugs also fall within the scope of chemical entities, for example ester or amide derivatives of the compounds of Formula I. The term “prodrugs” includes any chemical entities that become compounds of Formula I when administered to a patient, e.g., upon metabolic processing of the prodrug. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate, phosphate, and benzoate and like derivatives of functional groups (such as alcohol or amine groups) in the compounds of Formula I.

The term “solvate” refers to the chemical entity formed by the interaction of a solvent and a compound. Suitable solvates are pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates, including monohydrates and hemi-hydrates.

The term “chelate” refers to the chemical entity formed by the coordination of a compound to a metal ion at two (or more) points.

The term “non-covalent complex” refers to the chemical entity formed by the interaction of a compound and another molecule wherein a covalent bond is not formed between the compound and the molecule. For example, complexation can occur through van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions (also called ionic bonding).

The term “active agent” is used to indicate a chemical entity which has biological activity. In certain embodiments, an “active agent” is a compound having pharmaceutical utility. For example an active agent may be an anti-cancer therapeutic.

By “significant” is meant any detectable change that is statistically significant in a standard parametric test of statistical significance such as Student's T-test, where p<0.05.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” of a chemical entity described herein means an amount effective, when administered to a human or non-human patient, to provide a therapeutic benefit such as amelioration of symptoms, slowing of disease progression, or prevention of disease.

“Treatment” or “treating” means any treatment of a disease in a patient, including:

-   a) preventing the disease, that is, causing the clinical symptoms of     the disease not to develop; -   b) inhibiting the disease; -   c) slowing or arresting the development of clinical symptoms; and/or -   d) relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of     clinical symptoms.

“Patient” refers to an animal, such as a mammal, that has been or will be the object of treatment, observation or experiment. The methods described herein can be useful in both human therapy and veterinary applications. In some embodiments, the patient is a mammal; in some embodiments the patient is human; and in some embodiments the patient is chosen from cats and dogs.

Provided is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds of Formula I

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein

-   -   W¹ is an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl or         optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;     -   W² is selected from CR¹R², NR¹⁴, and O;     -   Z¹ is aryl;     -   Z² is aryl;     -   R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy,         carboxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally         substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally         substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy,         optionally substituted heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted aminocarbonyloxy, optionally substituted acyloxy,         optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyloxy, optionally substituted         alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally         substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally         substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted         aminocarbonyl, and optionally substituted aminosulfonyl;     -   or R¹ and R² may optionally be joined together with the carbon         atom bonded thereto, to form a group selected from optionally         substituted cycloalkyl and optionally substituted         heterocycloalkyl;     -   for each occurrence, R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently         selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxy, optionally substituted         alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted         alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted         alkoxy, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted         heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyloxy,         optionally substituted aminocarbonyloxy, optionally substituted         acyloxy, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyloxy, optionally         substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl,         optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted aryl,         optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted         heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aminocarbonyl, and         optionally substituted aminosulfonyl;     -   each R⁷ and R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano,         halo, hydroxy, carboxy, azido, nitro, sulfonyl, sulfinyl,         sulfanyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted         aryloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally         substituted heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted         alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally         substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,         optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl,         optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted         heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally         substituted acyl, optionally substituted aminocarbonyl,         optionally substituted aminosulfonyl, optionally substituted         carbaminodoyl;     -   R⁸ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, optionally         substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally         substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and         optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;     -   m is selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3;     -   n is selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3;     -   p is selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3; and     -   q is selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3.

In some embodiments, Z¹ is chosen from phenyl, naphthyl, and indanyl.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I, Z¹ is phenyl.

In some embodiments, Z² is chosen from phenyl, naphthyl, and indanyl.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I, Z² is phenyl.

In certain embodiments, W¹ is

wherein W^(1a), W^(1b), and W^(1c) are independently selected from —CH and N.

In certain embodiments, at least one of W^(1a), W^(1b), and W^(1c) is N.

In certain embodiments, at least two of W^(1a), W^(1b), and W^(1c) are N.

In certain embodiments, W^(1a), W^(1b), and W^(1c) are N.

In certain embodiments, n is chosen from 1 and 2.

In certain embodiments, n is 1.

In certain embodiments, each R³ and R⁴ is independently chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl.

In certain embodiments, each R³ and R⁴ is independently chosen from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxymethyl, and methoxycarbonyl.

In certain embodiments, each R³ and R⁴ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, p is chosen from 1 and 2.

In certain embodiments, p is 1.

In certain embodiments, q is chosen from 1 and 2.

In certain embodiments, q is 1. In certain embodiments, q is 0.

In certain embodiments, each R¹⁰ is independently selected from cyano, chloro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxycarbonyl, phenoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methoxy, N,N-dimethyamino, and 1H-imidazolyl.

In certain embodiments, each R¹⁰ is chosen from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and CF₃.

In certain embodiments, p is 1 and R¹⁰ is ethyl or isopropyl.

In certain embodiments, one R¹⁰ group is in the 4-position of the phenyl group.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are independently chosen from hydrogen and lower alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are independently chosen from hydrogen and methyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are methyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen and R² is methyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are joined together to form a group selected from cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are joined together to form a group selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, piperidinyl, and 2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyranyl, each of which is optionally substituted.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are joined together to form a group selected from optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted cyclopentyl, optionally substituted cyclohexyl, optionally substituted piperidinyl, and optionally substituted 2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyranyl.

In certain embodiments, each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl.

In certain embodiments, each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently chosen from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxymethyl, and methoxycarbonyl.

In certain embodiments, each R⁵ and R⁶ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, m is 1 or 2.

In certain embodiments, m is 1 and R⁷ is Cl, F, methyl, or CF₃.

In certain embodiments, m is 1 and R⁷ is Cl.

In certain embodiments, m is 2 and each R⁷ is Cl. In certain embodiments, those chloros are positioned at the 2 and 3 positions of the phenyl ring.

In certain embodiments, m is 2 and each R⁷ is Cl or F.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I is chosen from

Structure Chemical Name

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide

2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol- 2-yl)}-N-benzylpropanamide

2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol- 2-yl)}-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)propanamide

N-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide

2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol- 2-yl)}-N-[(2-methylphenyl)methyl]propanamide

N-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide

N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide

2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol- 2-yl)}-N-(3-thienylmethyl)propanamide

2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol- 2-yl)}-N-(1,3-oxazol-2-ylmethyl)propanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (trifluoromethoxy)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2- yl)}propanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-[5-(4- phenoxyphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide

N-[(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide

N-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide

N-[(6-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide

4-[(2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)}propanoylamino)methyl]benzoic acid

3-[5-(4-bromophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-N-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

N-[(2,3-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4-cyanophenyl)(1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

3-{5-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N- [(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

methyl 4-[2-(2-{N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]carbamoyl}-2- methylpropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl]benzoate

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-{5-[4- (hydroxymethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-2,2- dimethylpropanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{2-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)}propanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-3-{2-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)}propanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-{3-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)}propanamide

methyl 2-(2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2- yl)}propanoylamino)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)acetate

N-[1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]({[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)]methyl}cyclopropyl)carboxamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]({[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)]methyl}cyclobutyl)carboxamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl](4-{[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)]methyl}(2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-4- yl))carboxamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl](1-{[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)]methyl}cyclopent-3-enyl)carboxamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl](1-{[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)]methyl}-3,4- dihydroxycyclopentyl)carboxamide

3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-N-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4- methoxyphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-2,2- dimethylpropanamide

3-{5-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-[5-(4- methylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide

3-[5-(3-chlorophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-N-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2- yl)}propanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-[5-(3- methylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide

N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4- imidazolylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-2,2- dimethylpropanamide

(2S)-N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-3-[5-(4- methylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide

{[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]amino}-N-{2-[5-(4- ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]ethyl}-N- methylcarboxamide

The compounds described herein can be synthesized utilizing techniques well known in the art from commercially available starting materials and reagents. For example, the compounds described herein can be prepared as described below.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 1, Step 1, to a solution of a compound of formula 101 in an inert solvent such as DMF are added an excess (such as about 1.4 equivalents) of NaCN and an excess (such as about 1.4 equivalents) of NH₄Cl. The reaction mixture is heated. The product, a compound of formula 103, is isolated and optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 1, Step 2, to a solution of a compound of formula 103, an excess (such as about 1.5 equivalents) of a compound of formula 104 and an excess (such as about 1.5 equivalents) of a phospine reagent such as triphenyl phosphine (PPh₃) in an inert solvent such as THF is added an excess (such as about 1.5 equivalents) of an azadicarboxylate reagent such as diethylazadicarboxylate (DEAD). The reaction mixture is stirred for about 1 h to 24 h. The product, a compound of formula 105, is isolated and optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 1, Step 2, to a mixture of a compound of formula 105 and an excess (such as about 1.4 equivalents) of a compound of formula 106 in an inert solvent such as toluene is added an excess (such as about 1.4 equivalents) AlMe₃. The reaction mixture is stirred for about 30 min followed by stirring at about rt −150° C. for about 1 h to 24 h. The product, a compound of formula 107, is isolated and optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 2, Step 2, to a solution of a compound of formula 201 in an inert solvent such as DMF are added an excess (such as about 1.5 equivalents) of a coupling reagent such as O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N″-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HATU) and an excess (such as about 1.5 equivalents) of a compound of formula 203. The reaction mixture is stirred for about 1 h to 24 h. The product, a compound of formula 205, is isolated and optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 2, Step 2, to a solution of a compound of formula 205 and a solvent such as methanol is added an excess (such as about 2 equivalents) of a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride. The reaction mixture is stirred for about 1 h to 24 h and quenched with diluted aqueous acid. The product, a compound of formula 207, is isolated and optionally purified.

Referring to Reaction Scheme 2, Step 3, to a solution of an excess (such as 2 equivalents) of a compound of formula 207 in an inert solvent such as THF are added about an equivalent of a phospine reagent such as triphenyl phosphine, about 1 equivalent of an azadicarboxylate reagent such as diethylazadicarboxylate (DIAD), and a compound of formula 208. The reaction mixture is stirred for about 1 h to 24 h. The product, a compound of formula 107, is isolated and optionally purified.

Isolation and purification of the compounds and intermediates described herein can be effected, if desired, by any suitable separation or purification procedure such as, for example, filtration, extraction, crystallization, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography or thick-layer chromatography, or a combination of these procedures. Specific illustrations of suitable separation and isolation procedures are provided herein. However, other equivalent separation or isolation procedures can, of course, also be used.

When desired, the (R) and (S) isomers may be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by formation of diastereoisomeric salts or complexes which may be separated, for example, by crystallization; via formation of diastereoisomeric derivatives which may be separated, for example, by crystallization, gas-liquid or liquid chromatography; selective reaction of one enantiomer with an enantiomer-specific reagent, for example enzymatic oxidation or reduction, followed by separation of the modified and unmodified enantiomers; or gas-liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment, for example on a chiral support, such as silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent. It will be appreciated that when the desired enantiomer is converted into another chemical entity by one of the separation procedures described above, a further step may be required to liberate the desired enantiomeric form. Alternatively, a specific enantiomer may be synthesized by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts and/or solvents, or by converting one enantiomer to the other by asymmetric transformation.

The chemical entities described herein may be useful in a variety of applications involving smooth muscle cells and/or non-muscle cells. In certain embodiments, the chemical entities may be used to inhibit smooth muscle myosin. The chemical entities may be useful to bind to, and/or inhibit the activity of, smooth muscle myosin. In certain embodiments, the smooth muscle myosin is human, although the chemical entities may be used to bind to or inhibit the activity of smooth muscle myosin from other organisms, such as other mammals.

In certain embodiments, the chemical entities may be used to inhibit non-muscle myosin. The chemical entities may be useful to bind to, and/or inhibit the activity of, non-muscle myosin. In certain embodiments, the non-muscle myosin is human, although the chemical entities may be used to bind to or inhibit the activity of non-muscle myosin from other organisms, such as other mammals.

The chemical entities described herein may be used to treat disease states associated with smooth muscle and/or non-muscle myosin. Such disease states which can be treated by the chemical entities described herein include, but are not limited to, hypertension, asthma, incontinence, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, pre-term labor, and the like. It is appreciated that in some cases the cells may not be in an abnormal state and still require treatment. Thus, in certain embodiments, the chemical entities described herein may be applied to cells or individuals afflicted or subject to impending affliction with any one of these disorders or states.

More specifically, the chemical entities described herein may be useful for the treatment of diseases or symptoms related to abnormal increased muscle tone or excessive contraction, or spasm of vascular smooth muscle in systemic, coronary, pulmonary circulation, and micro-circulatory smooth muscle as well, such as systemic hypertension, malignant hypertension, hypertension crisis, symptomatic hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary infarction, angina pectoris, cardiac infarction, micro-circulation malfunction under shock condition, and infarction occurred in other location or organs of the human or animal body. Other diseases or symptoms that can be treated with the chemical entities described herein include:

-   -   spasm of gastro-intestine smooth muscle, including sphincters,         such as gastric spasm, pylorospasm, and spasms of biliary tract,         pancreatic tract, urinary tract, caused by inflammation,         stimulation of stones or parasites;     -   spasm of other visceral organs such as uterus, Fallopian tube,         and so on;     -   spasm of trachea-bronchial tree smooth muscle, diaphragm muscle,         such as various asthma, breathlessness, dyspnea, diaphragmatic         convulsion, and so on;     -   spasm of alimentary canal smooth muscle, including stomach,         intestine and colons, biliary and pancreatic duct etc.; and     -   spasm of urinary tract smooth muscle.

In addition, the chemical entities described herein can be used for control, management and manipulation of labor during pregnancy. The method is particularly useful for inhibition of spontaneous preterm labor which would, if untreated, result in premature delivery or abortion and for inhibition of surgically induced labor during transuterine fetal surgery. The method is also useful for inducing the labor in overterm pregnancies where the labor does not occur on term and when it is necessary to induce labor in order to assure the normal delivery.

Further, the chemical entities described herein can be used for the treatment of “airway wall remodeling”, which is a condition associated with diseases or conditions characterized by airway wall thickening and air obstruction, which may, for example occur in the small airways of patients with certain respiratory disease conditions, such as, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Such disease states which can be treated by the chemical entities, compositions and methods provided herein also include, but are not limited to glaucoma and other ocular indications. More specifically, chemical entities described herein may be useful for the treatment of diseases or symptoms related to glaucoma, including increased intraocular pressure, reduced flow of intraocular aqueous humor, and optical nerve damage. Other diseases or symptoms that can be treated with the chemical entities, compositions, and methods described herein including intraocular hypertenstion.

ATP hydrolysis is employed by myosin to produce force. An increase in ATP hydrolysis would correspond to an increase in the force or velocity of muscle contraction. In the presence of actin, myosin ATPase activity is stimulated more than 100-fold. Thus, the measurement of ATP hydrolysis not only measures myosin enzymatic activity but also its interaction with the actin filament. Assays for such activity may employ smooth muscle myosin from a human source, although myosin from other organisms can also be used. Systems that model the regulatory role of calcium in myosin binding may also be used.

The in vitro rate of ATP hydrolysis correlates to smooth muscle myosin potentiating activity, which can be determined by monitoring the production of either ADP or phosphate, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,410,254. ADP production can also be monitored by coupling the ADP production to NADH oxidation (using, for example, the enzymes pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) and monitoring the NADH level, by example, either by absorbance or fluorescence (Greengard, P., Nature 178 (Part 4534): 632-634 (1956); Mol Pharmacol 1970 Jan.; 6(1):31-40). Phosphate production can be monitored using purine nucleoside phosphorylase to couple phosphate production to the cleavage of a purine analog, which results in either a change in absorbance (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992 Jun. 1; 89(11):4884-7) or fluorescence (Biochem J 1990 Mar. 1; 266(2):611-4). While a single measurement is employed, multiple measurements of the same sample at different times in order may be used to determine the absolute rate of the protein activity; such measurements have higher specificity particularly in the presence of test compounds that have similar absorbance or fluorescence properties with those of the enzymatic readout.

Test compounds may be assayed in a highly parallel fashion using multiwell plates by placing the compounds either individually in wells or testing them in mixtures. Assay components including the target protein complex, coupling enzymes and substrates, and ATP may then be added to the wells and the absorbance or fluorescence of each well of the plate can be measured with a plate reader.

One method uses a 384 well plate format and a 25 μL reaction volume. A pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase coupled enzyme system (Huang T G and Hackney D D. (1994) J Biol Chem 269(23):16493-16501) is used to measure the rate of ATP hydrolysis in each well. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the assay components are added in buffers and reagents. Since the methods outlined herein allow kinetic measurements, incubation periods may be optimized to give adequate detection signals over the background. The assay is performed in real time to give the kinetics of ATP hydrolysis to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the assay.

Selectivity for smooth muscle myosin may be determined by substituting other myosins in one or more of the above-described assays and comparing the results obtained against those obtained using the cardiac equivalents.

Chemical entities identified by the methods described herein as smooth muscle myosin modulators may be further tested in an efficacy screen, such as a screen using strips of permeabilized smooth muscle from, e.g., chicken gizzard. Calcium-sensitive smooth muscle strips are prepared by dissecting chicken gizzard tissue, followed by treatment with 1% Triton X-100 to make the strips permeable to exogenous compounds (Barsotti, R J, et al., Am J. Physiol. 1987 May; 252(5 Pt 1):C543-54). These strips can be stored in 50% glycerol for several weeks at −20° C., allowing multiple experiments to be performed with each batch of muscle strips. Experiments are performed using a solution of 20 mM imidazole pH 7.0, 5.5 mM ATP, 7 mM MgCl₂, 55 mM KCl, 1 μM Calmodulin, and 10 mM EGTA. Free calcium will be controlled by addition of various amounts of CaCl₂, according to the calculations of MAXChelator (Patton, et al. Cell Calcium. 35/5 pp. 427-431, 2004). An isometric muscle fiber apparatus is used to measure isometric tension, for example using an Aurora Scientific 400A transducer with National Instruments PCI-MIO-16E-4, 16 channels, 12 bit A/D board for data acquisition. The chemically skinned gizzard fibers are relaxed when bathed in low calcium solutions (pCa 8), but develop isometric tension when the free calcium of the bathing solution is increased to pCa 5. These fibers can be repeatedly contracted and relaxed by switching between high and low calcium bathing solutions.

Compounds are first tested for their ability to prevent contraction of gizzard strips, by preincubating relaxed fibers with a compound, followed by transfer to high calcium solution containing the compound. Next, compounds are tested for their ability to cause relaxation of contracting fibers by adding the compound to fibers already incubating in high calcium solution. Washout experiments are performed to ensure that the inhibitory effects are reversible, so that the compounds do not cause denaturation or other irreparable damage to the smooth muscle myosin.

The chemical entities are administered at a therapeutically effective dosage, e.g., a dosage sufficient to provide treatment of the disease states previously described. Generally, a daily dose is from about 0.05 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight, such as from about 0.10 to about 10 mg/kg of body weight or from about 0.15 to about 1 mg/kg of body weight. Thus, for administration to a 70 kg person, the dosage range is from about 3.5 to about 7000 mg per day, such as from about 7 to about 700 mg per day or from about 10 to about 100 mg per day. The amount of active chemical entity administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject and disease state being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner and schedule of administration and the judgment of the prescribing physician; for example, a dose range for oral administration may be from about 70 to about 700 mg per day, whereas for intravenous administration the dose range may be from about 700 to about 7000 mg per day. The active agents may be selected for longer or shorter plasma half-lives, respectively.

Administration of the chemical entities described herein can be via any of the accepted modes of administration for agents that serve similar utilities including, but not limited to, orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intranasally, topically, transdermally, sublingually, intramucosally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonarilly, vaginally, rectally, and intraocularly (including intraocular injection). Oral, topical, parenteral, and intraocular administration are customary in treating many of the indications recited herein.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions include solid, semi-solid, liquid and aerosol dosage forms, such as, e.g., tablets, capsules, powders, liquids, suspensions, suppositories, aerosols, and the like. The chemical entities can also be administered in sustained- or controlled-release dosage forms, including depot injections, osmotic pumps, pills, transdermal (including electrotransport) patches, drops and the like, for prolonged and/or timed, pulsed administration at a predetermined rate. The compositions may be provided in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of a precise dose.

The chemical entities may be administered either alone or in combination with a conventional pharmaceutical carrier or the like (e.g., mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, talcum, cellulose, sodium crosscarmellose, glucose, gelatin, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like). If desired, the pharmaceutical composition may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizing agents, pH buffering agents and the like (e.g., sodium acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrine derivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine acetate, triethanolamine oleate. Generally, depending on the intended mode of administration, the pharmaceutical composition may contain from about 0.005% to about 95%, for example, from about 0.5% to about 50%, by weight of at least one chemical entity described herein. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. Pharmaceutical compositions are also referred to as pharmaceutical formulations.

In addition, the chemical entities may be co-administered with, and the pharmaceutical compositions can include, other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, adjuvants, and the like.

In certain embodiments, the compositions are in the form of a pill or tablet and contain, along with the active ingredient, one or more of a diluent such as lactose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or the like; and a binder such as starch, gum acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidine, gelatin, cellulose, cellulose derivatives and the like. In another solid dosage form, a powder, marume, solution or suspension (e.g., in propylene carbonate, vegetable oils or triglycerides) may be encapsulated in a gelatin capsule.

Liquid pharmaceutical compositions may, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc. at least one chemical entity and one or more optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier (e.g., water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, glycols, ethanol and the like) to form a solution or suspension. Injectables may be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, as emulsions, or in solid forms suitable for dissolution or suspension in liquid prior to injection. The percentage of chemical entities contained in such parenteral compositions is highly dependent on the specific nature thereof, as well as the activity of the chemical entities and the needs of the subject. However, percentages of active ingredient ranging from about 0.01% to about 10% in solution may be used, and may be higher if the composition is a solid which will be subsequently diluted to the above percentages. In certain embodiments, the composition has from about 0.2% to about 2% of the active agent in solution.

Compositions comprising at least one chemical entity may be administered intraocularly (including intraocular, periocular, and retrobulbar injection and perfusion). When adminsitered intraocularly the sterile composition is typically aqueous. An appropriate buffer system may be added to prevent pH drift under storage conditions. When administered during intraocular surgical procedures, such as retrobulbar or periocular injection and intraocular perfusion or injection, the use of balanced salt irrigating solutions may be necessary. When used in a multidose form, preservatives may be required to prevent microbial contamination during use.

Compositions comprising at least one chemical entity may also be administered topically as eye drops, eye wash, creams, ointments, gels, and sprays. When administered as eye drops or eye wash, the active ingredients are typically dissolved or suspended in suitable carrier, typically a sterile aqueous solvent. An appropriate buffer system may be added to prevent pH drift under storage conditions. When used in a multidose form, preservatives may be required to prevent microbial contamination during use.

Compositions comprising at least one chemical entity may also be administered to the respiratory tract as an aerosol or in a solution for a nebulizer, or as a microfine powder for insufflation, alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose. The particles of the composition typically have diameters of less than 50 microns, for example, less than 10 microns.

Generally, to employ the chemical entities described herein in methods of screening for smooth muscle myosin binding, smooth muscle myosin is bound to a support and at least one chemical entity is added to the assay. Alternatively, the chemical entity may be bound to the support and the smooth muscle myosin added. Classes of compounds among which novel binding agents may be sought include specific antibodies, non-natural binding agents identified in screens of chemical libraries, peptide analogs, etc. Of particular interest are screening assays for candidate agents that have a low toxicity for human cells. A wide variety of assays may be used for this purpose, including labeled in vitro protein-protein binding assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, immunoassays for protein binding, functional assays (phosphorylation assays, etc.), and the like. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,495,337.

EXAMPLES

The following examples serve to more fully describe the manner of using the invention. These examples are presented for illustrative purposes and should not serve to limit the true scope of the invention.

Example I Preparation of N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-3-(5-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

To a solution of 4-isopropylbenzonitrile (4.2 g, 28.9 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) were added NaCN (2.6 g, 40.5 mmol, 1.4 equiv.) and NH₄Cl (2.2 g, 40.5 mmol, 1.4 equiv.). The reaction mixture was heated with stirring overnight. TLC indicated the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 5-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2H-tetrazole as a crude solid, which was used for the next step without further purification. LRMS (M+H⁺) m/z 189.1.

To a solution of crude 5-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2H-tetrazole (1.0 g, ˜5.3 mmol), methyl 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanoate (830 mg, 8.0 mmol), and PPh₃ (2.1 g, 8.0 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added DEAD (1.35 mL, 8.0 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. LC/MS indicated the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified on RP-HPLC using a mixture of acetonitrile and H₂O to give methyl 3-(5-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoate (480 mg, 32% for two steps). LRMS (M+H⁺) m/z 303.2.

To a mixture of methyl 3-(5-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoate (210 mg, 0.69 mmol) and 2-chlorobenzylamine (137 mg, 0.97 mmol) in toluene (1 mL) was added AlMe₃ (2 M solution in toluene, 0.5 mL, 1.0 mmol,) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min followed by stirring at 100° C. for 1 h. The reaction was cooled, quenched with saturated NaHCO₃, and diluted with EtOAc.

The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude oil. The crude mixture was purified on RP-HPLC using a mixture of acetonitrile and H₂O to give N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-3-(5-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (217 mg, 76%). LRMS (M+H⁺) m/z 412.2.

Example II Preparation of N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-((5-(4-ethylphenyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide

To a solution of 1-(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (500 mg, 3.5 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were added HATU (1.98 g, 5.2 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and 2-chlorobenzylamine (622 μL, 5.2 mmol, 1.5 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture was purified twice on RP-HPLC using a mixture of acetonitrile and H₂O to give methyl 1-(2-chlorobenzylcarbamoyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (330 mg, 34%). LRMS (M+H⁺) m/z 268.0.

To a solution of methyl 1-(2-chlorobenzylcarbamoyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (330 mg, 1.2 mmol) in THF (5 mL) and CH₃OH (5 mL) was added sodium borohydride (93 mg, 2.4 mmol, 2 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h and quenched with diluted AcOH. The reaction mixture was concentrated and dissolved in EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with saturated NaHCO₃, H₂O and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified on RP-HPLC using a mixture of acetonitrile and H₂O to give N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide (164 mg, 55%). LRMS (M+H⁺) m/z 240.0.

To a solution of N42-chlorobenzyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide (164 mg, 0.69 mmol, 2 equiv.) in THF (2 mL) were added triphenyl phosphine (180 mg, 0.69 mmol, 1 equiv.), DIAD (140 μL, 0.69 mmol, 1 equiv.) and 5-(4-ethylphenyl)-2H-tetrazole (120 mg, 0.69 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified on RP-HPLC using a mixture of acetonitrile and H₂O to give N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-((5-(4-ethylphenyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide (95 mg, 74%). LRMS (M+H⁺) m/z 396.1.

Example III Additional Synthesized Compounds

Using procedures similar to those described herein, the compounds in the following table were synthesized and tested.

Ion m/z Object_MW Chemical Name M + H⁺ 384.1 383.87 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 378.2 377.48 2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N- benzylpropanamide M + H⁺ 379.3 378.47 2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N- (2-pyridylmethyl)propanamide M + H⁺ 396.2 395.47 N-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 392.3 391.51 2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N- [(2-methylphenyl)methyl]propanamide M + H⁺ 396.2 395.47 N-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 426.2 425.95 N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 384.2 383.51 2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N- (3-thienylmethyl)propanamide M + H⁺ 369.3 368.43 2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N- (1,3-oxazol-2-ylmethyl)propanamide M + H⁺ 398.2 397.9 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2- yl)]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide M + H⁺ 454.1 453.85 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (trifluoromethoxy)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 462.2 461.94 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-[5-(4- phenoxyphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide M + H⁺ 430.1 429.92 N-[(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 446.2 446.37 N-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 430.2 429.92 N-[(6-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 422.2 421.49 4-[(2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2- yl)}propanoylamino)methyl]benzoic acid M + H⁺ 448.1 448.74 3-[5-(4-bromophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-N-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide M + H⁺ 446.2 446.37 N-[(2,3-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 395.1 394.86 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4-cyanophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol- 2-yl)]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide M + H⁺ 413.2 412.92 3-{5-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide M + H⁺ 428.1 427.88 methyl 4-[2-(2-{N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]carbamoyl}-2- methylpropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl]benzoate M + H⁺ 400.1 399.87 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-{5-[4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)}-2,2-dimethylpropanamide M + H⁺ 412.1 411.93 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 412.1 411.93 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{2-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 398.1 397.9 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-3-{2-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 384.1 383.87 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-{3-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,4- oxadiazol-5-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 470.1 469.96 methyl 2-(2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)}propanoylamino)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)acetate M + H⁺ 442.1 441.95 N-[1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 396.1 395.89 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]({[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2- yl)]methyl}cyclopropyl)carboxamide M + H⁺ 410.1 409.91 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]({[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2- yl)]methyl}cyclobutyl)carboxamide M + H⁺ 440.1 439.94 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl](4-{[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2- yl)]methyl}(2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-4-yl))carboxamide M + H⁺ 422.1 421.92 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl](1-{[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2- yl)]methyl}cyclopent-3-enyl)carboxamide M + H⁺ 456.1 455.94 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl](1-{[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2- yl)]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxycyclopentyl)carboxamide M + H⁺ 404.0 404.29 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-N-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide M + H⁺ 400.1 399.87 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)(1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide M + H⁺ 426.2 425.95 3-{5-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide M + H⁺ 384.1 383.87 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-[5-(4- methylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide M + H⁺ 404.1 404.29 3-[5-(3-chlorophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-N-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide M + H⁺ 438.1 437.85 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide M + H⁺ 384.2 383.87 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-[5-(3- methylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide M + H⁺ 436.1 435.91 N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4-imidazolylphenyl)(1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide M + H⁺ 370.1 369.85 (2S)—N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-3-[5-(4- methylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide M + H⁺ 399.0 398.89 {[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]amino}-N-{2-[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4- tetraazol-2-yl)]ethyl}-N-methylcarboxamide

Example IV

Screening assays were performed using a pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase-coupled ATPase assay containing the following reagents: Potassium PIPES (50 mM), MgCl₂ (3 mM), KCl (100 mM), ATP (0.15 mM), DTT (1 mM), BSA (0.1 mg/ml), NADH (0.5 mM), PEP (1.5 mM), pyruvate kinase (4 U/ml), lactate dehydrogenase (8 U/ml), and antifoam (50 ppm) (concentrations expressed are final assay concentrations). The pH was adjusted to 6.80 at 22° C. by addition of potassium hydroxide. Lead optimization assays were performed with a more sensitive pyruvate kinase/horseradish peroxidase/pyruvate oxidase-coupled ATPase assay containing the following reagents: Potassium PIPES (12 mM), MgCl₂ (2 mM), KCl (100 mM), ATP (0.15 mM), BSA (0.05 mg/ml), potassium phosphate (2 mM), amplex red (0.1 mM), PEP (0.1 mM), pyruvate kinase (4 U/ml), horseradish peroxidase (0.5 U/ml), pyruvate oxidase (0.5 U/ml), and antifoam (50 ppm) (concentrations expressed are final assay concentrations). The pH was adjusted to 7.00 at 22° C. by addition of potassium hydroxide.

The protein components specific to this assay are chicken gizzard smooth muscle myosin subfragment-1 that has been chemically crosslinked to either cardiac or skeletal actin using an excess of 1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide. The exact concentration of the crosslinked smooth muscle myosin in the assay is determined empirically, by titration to achieve a desired rate of ATP hydrolysis. The concentration varies between protein preparations due to variations in the fraction of active molecules in each preparation.

Compound dose response assays are performed by first preparing a dilution series of test compound, each with an assay mixture containing potassium PIPES, MgCl₂, KCl, ATP, BSA, potassium phosphate, amplex red, PEP, crosslinked smooth muscle actomyosin (subfragment-1), antifoam, and water. The assay is started by adding an equal volume of solution containing potassium Pipes, MgCl₂, KCl, BSA, potassium phosphate, pyruvate kinase, horseradish peroxidase, pyruvate oxidase, antifoam, and water. ATP hydrolysis is monitored by measuring the fluorescence of amplex red (excitation at 480 nm, emission at 615 nm). The resulting dose response curve is fit by the 4 parameter equation y=Bottom+((Top-Bottom)/(1+((IC₅₀/X){circle around ( )}Hill))). The IC₅₀ is defined as the concentration at which ATPase activity is midway between the top and bottom of the dose response curve.

Certain chemical entities described herein have an IC₅₀ less than 10 μM; for example, less than 1 μM.

While the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto. 

1. A compound of Formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein W¹ is

wherein W^(1a), W^(1b), and W^(1c) are each N; W² is CR¹R²; Z¹ is aryl; Z² is aryl; R¹ and R² are each methyl; for each occurrence, R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted aminocarbonyloxy, optionally substituted acyloxy, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyloxy, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aminocarbonyl, and optionally substituted aminosulfonyl; each R⁷ and R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, carboxy, azido, nitro, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfanyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted aminocarbonyl, optionally substituted aminosulfonyl, optionally substituted carbaminodoyl; R⁸ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, and optionally substituted alkyl; m is selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3; n is selected from 1 and 2; p is selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3; and q is selected from 0, 1, 2 and
 3. 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein n is
 1. 3. The compound of claim 1 wherein each R³ and R⁴ is independently chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl.
 4. The compound of claim 3 wherein each R³ and R⁴ is independently chosen from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxymethyl, and methoxycarbonyl.
 5. The compound of claim 4 wherein each R³ and R⁴ is hydrogen.
 6. The compound of claim 1 wherein p is chosen from 1 and
 2. 7. The compound of claim 6 wherein p is
 1. 8. The compound of claim 6 wherein each R¹⁰ is independently selected from cyano, chloro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxycarbonyl, phenoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methoxy, N,N-dimethyamino, and 1H-imidazolyl.
 9. The compound of claim 8 wherein each R¹⁰ is chosen from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and CF₃.
 10. The compound of claim 8 wherein p is 1 and R¹⁰ is ethyl or isopropyl.
 11. The compound of claim 1 wherein each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl.
 12. The compound of claim 11 wherein each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently chosen from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxymethyl, and methoxycarbonyl.
 13. The compound of claim 12 wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.
 14. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁷ is Cl, F, methyl, or CF₃.
 15. The compound of claim 14 wherein R⁷ is Cl.
 16. The compound of claim 1 wherein m is 1 or
 2. 17. The compound of claim 16 where one R⁷ is positioned at the 2- or the 3-position.
 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein p is 1 and R¹⁰ is positioned at the 4-position.
 19. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z¹ is phenyl.
 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z² is phenyl.
 21. The compound of claim 20, wherein Z¹ is phenyl.
 22. The compound of claim 1, wherein n is 1; q is 1; R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; Z¹ is phenyl; and Z² is phenyl.
 23. The compound of claim 22, wherein p is 1 and R¹⁰ is positioned at the 4-position, and m is 1 or 2 and one R⁷ is positioned at the 2-position.
 24. The compound of claim 1, wherein n is 1; q is 1; R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; Z¹ is phenyl; and Z² is phenyl.
 25. The compound of claim 24, wherein p is 1 and R¹⁰ is positioned at the 4-position, and m is 1 or 2 and one R⁷ is positioned at the 2- or the 3-position.
 26. The compound of claim 25, wherein R⁷ is chloro positioned at the 2-position.
 27. A compound chosen from N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4-ethylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-[(2,3-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide, 3-{5-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, 3-[5-(4-bromophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, methyl 4-[2-(2-{N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]carbamoyl}-2-methylpropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl]benzoate, N-[(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide, 2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N-[(2-methylphenyl)methyl]propanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-[5-(4-methylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4-imidazolylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide, N-[1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide, 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-[5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide, N-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide, 3-[5-(3-chlorophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, 3-{5-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{2-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)}propanamide, 2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-N-benzylpropanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-[5-(3-methylphenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]propanamide, N-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide, N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-{5-[4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[5-(4-cyanophenyl)(1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-[(6-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanamide and 4-[(2,2-dimethyl-3-{5-[4-(methylethyl)phenyl](1,2,3,4-tetraazol-2-yl)}propanoylamino)methyl]benzoic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 28. A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of claim
 1. 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 wherein the composition is formulated in a form chosen from tablet, capsule, powder, liquid, suspension, suppository and aerosol. 